Fundamental biomechanics of sport and exercise / James Watkins.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Machine generated contents note: pt. I Functional anatomy of the musculoskeletal system -- 1.The musculoskeletal system -- Objectives -- Unicellular and multicellular organisms -- Cellular organisation in multicellular organisms -- Tissues -- Organs and systems -- The musculoskeletal system -- Musculotendinous units -- Force, mechanics and biomechanics -- Load, strain and stress -- Musculoskeletal system function -- The human machine -- Loading on the musculoskeletal system -- Review questions -- 2.The skeleton -- Objectives -- Composition and function of the skeleton -- Terminology -- Common bone features -- Anatomical frame of reference and spatial terminology -- The axial skeleton -- The skull -- The vertebral column -- The rib cage -- The appendicular skeleton -- The upper limb -- The lower limb -- Review questions -- 3.Connective tissues -- Objectives -- Functions of connective tissues -- Mechanical support -- Intercellular exchange -- Classification of connective tissues --

Contents note continued: Ordinary connective tissues -- Elastin and collagen fibres -- Ground substance -- Ordinary connective tissue cells -- Irregular ordinary connective tissues -- Regular ordinary connective tissue -- Fibrous tissue, elastic tissue and fascia -- Cartilage -- Hyaline cartilage -- Fibrocartilage -- Elastic cartilage -- Bone -- Bone growth and development -- Structure of mature bone -- Review questions -- 4.The articular system -- Objectives -- Structural classification of joints -- Fibrous joints -- Cartilaginous joints -- Synovial joints -- Joint movements -- Degrees of freedom -- Angular movements -- Synovial joint classification -- Uniaxial -- Biaxial -- Multiaxial -- Flexibility, stability and laxity in synovial joints -- Flexibility -- Stability and laxity -- Functions of joint capsule and ligaments -- Flexibility training -- Review questions -- 5.The neuromuscular system -- Objectives -- The nervous system -- Neurons -- Nerve impulse transmission --

Contents note continued: Nerve tissue organisation in the brain -- Nerve tissue organisation in the spinal cord and spinal nerves -- Voluntary and reflex movements -- Nerve fibre injuries -- Skeletal muscle -- Origins and insertions -- Pennate and non-pennate muscles -- Fusiform musculotendinous units -- Muscle fibres -- Muscular contraction -- Isometric length--tension relationship in a sarcomere -- Isometric length--tension relationship in a musculotendinous unit -- Motor units -- Slow and fast twitch muscle fibres -- Muscle architecture and muscle function -- Roles of muscles -- Muscle fibre arrangement and force and excursion -- Biarticular muscles -- Kinaesthetic sense and proprioception -- Proprioceptors -- Force--velocity relationship in musculotendinous units -- Action and contraction in musculotendinous units -- Stretch--shorten cycle -- Review questions -- 6.Mechanical characteristics of musculoskeletal components -- Objectives --

Contents note continued: Stress--strain relationships in solids -- Units of force -- Stiffness and compliance -- Toughness, fragility and brittleness -- Energy -- Work, strain energy and kinetic energy -- Gravitational potential energy -- Hysteresis, resilience and damping -- Resilience of the lower limbs in running -- Viscosity and viscoelasticity -- Mechanical model of viscoelasticity -- Properties of viscoelastic materials -- Shock absorption in joints -- Review questions -- 7.Structural adaptation -- Objectives -- Adaptation -- Biopositive and bionegative effects of loading -- Response and adaptation of musculoskeletal components to loading -- Optimum strain environment -- Structural adaptation in bone -- Stereotypical loading and optimum bone mass -- Bone modelling throughout life -- Flexure-drift phenomenon -- Chondral modelling phenomenon -- Structural adaptation in regular fibrous tissues -- Structural adaptation at ligament and tendon insertions --

Contents note continued: Structural adaptation in muscle -- Strength changes -- Muscle extensibility changes -- Review questions -- pt. II Biomechanics of movement -- 8.Introduction to biomechanics of movement -- Objectives -- Force -- Mechanics -- Subdisciplines of mechanics -- Biomechanics -- Forms of motion -- Units of measurement -- Unit symbols in the SI system -- Conversion of units -- Review questions -- 9.Linear motion -- Objectives -- Space and the Newtonian frame of reference -- Anatomical frame of reference -- Distance and speed -- Average speed in a marathon race -- Effect of running wide in middle-distance track events -- Linear kinematic analysis of a 100 m sprint -- Video recordings for movement analysis -- Distance--time and speed--time data from video analysis -- Acceleration -- Vector and scalar quantities -- Displacement vectors -- Velocity vectors -- Centre of gravity -- Stability -- Friction -- Force vectors and resultant force --

Contents note continued: Trigonometry of a right-angled triangle -- Pythagoras' theorem -- Resolution of a vector into component vectors -- Cycle length, cycle rate and speed of movement in human locomotion -- Stride parameters and stride cycle in walking and running -- Effect of speed of walking and running on stride length and stride rate -- Optimal stride length -- Trajectory of the centre of gravity in walking -- Ground reaction force in walking -- Components of the ground reaction force -- Centre of pressure -- Path of centre of pressure in walking -- Ground reaction force in running -- Active and passive loading -- Effect of shoes on rate of loading -- Effect of leg and foot alignment on rate of loading -- Linear momentum -- Newton's laws of motion and gravitation -- Newton's first law of motion -- Newton's law of gravitation: gravity and weight -- Newton's second law of motion: the impulse of a force -- Units of force -- Free body diagram --

Contents note continued: Resultant force and equilibrium -- Newton's third law of motion -- Conservation of linear momentum -- Uniformly accelerated motion -- Air resistance -- Projectiles -- Trajectory of a projectile in the absence of air resistance -- Trajectory of a shot -- Effect of air resistance on the range of a shot put -- Trajectory of a long jumper -- Effect of air resistance on flight distance in the long jump -- Review questions -- Linear kinematics -- Linear impulse and linear momentum -- Vectors -- Ground reaction force -- Uniformly accelerated motion -- 10.Angular motion -- Objectives -- Moment of a force -- Clockwise and anticlockwise moments -- The location of the joint centre of gravity of two masses -- Two conditions for a state of equilibrium -- Location of the centre of gravity of the human body -- Direct approach -- Indirect approach -- Determination of the whole body centre of gravity by the application of the principle of moments -- Levers --

Contents note continued: Lever systems -- Lever systems in the human musculoskeletal system -- The use of body segments as levers in strength and endurance training -- Angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration -- Relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity -- Relationship between linear acceleration and angular acceleration -- Centripetal and centrifugal force -- Centripetal force in throwing the hammer -- Centripetal force in cycling around a curved track -- Centripetal force in running around a curved track -- Concentric force, eccentric force and couple -- Rotation and Newton's first law of motion -- Moment of inertia -- Measurement of moment of inertia -- Determination of the moment of inertia of a gymnast about the axis of a horizontal bar -- Angular momentum -- Rotation and Newton's second law of motion -- Transfer of angular momentum -- Demonstration of transfer of angular momentum using a rotating turntable --

Contents note continued: Transfer of angular momentum in a forward pike dive -- Transfer of angular momentum in the long jump -- Transfer of angular momentum in a standing back somersault -- Rotation and Newton's third law of motion -- Somersaulting and twisting -- Contact twist -- Counter-rotation twist -- Tilt twist -- Review questions -- Moment of a force and levers -- Segmental analysis -- Angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration -- Angular impulse and angular momentum -- 11.Work, energy and power -- Objectives -- Work of a force -- Power -- Average power -- Instantaneous power -- Conservation of energy -- Thermodynamics -- Heat energy -- Work done in pushing a load up a slope -- Work of the moment of a force -- Conservation of mechanical energy -- Conservation of mechanical energy in a gymnast rotating about a horizontal bar -- Conservation of mechanical energy in pole vaulting -- Internal and external work -- Measurement of internal work --

Contents note continued: Internal work and average power output in walking -- Mechanical efficiency of the human body in walking -- Review questions -- 12.Fluid mechanics -- Objectives -- Atmospheric pressure -- Archimedes' principle -- Floating in air -- Hydrostatic pressure -- Floating in water -- Drag -- Viscous drag -- Pressure drag -- Wave drag -- Bernoulli's principle -- Hydrodynamic lift -- Lift due to asymmetric shape -- Lift due to asymmetric orientation -- Lift due to asymmetric surface texture -- Lift due to spin -- Effect of drag and lift force on ball flight -- Review questions -- Appendix Origins, insertions and actions of the major muscles of the human body -- Practical worksheet 1 Linear kinematic analysis of a 15m sprint -- Practical worksheet 2 The effect of increase in speed on stride length, stride rate and relative stride length in running -- Practical worksheet 3 Force--time analysis of the ground reaction force in walking --

Contents note continued: Practical worksheet 4 Force--time analysis of the ground reaction force in running -- Practical worksheet 5 Determination of the position of the whole body centre of gravity by the direct method using a one-dimension reaction board -- Practical worksheet 6 Comparison of the direct and segmental analysis methods of determining the position of the whole body centre of gravity of the human body -- Practical worksheet 7 Determination of take-off distance, flight distance and landing distance in a standing long jump -- Practical worksheet 8 Measurement of the moment of inertia of the human body -- Practical worksheet 9 Determination of human power output in stair climbing and running up a slope -- Practical worksheet 10 Determination of human power output in a countermovement vertical jump.